## 计算机代写|深度学习代写deep learning代考|MDA522

2022年12月27日

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## 计算机代写|深度学习代写deep learning代考|Evolutionary Strategies with DEAP

Evolutionary strategies are an expansion to evolutionary and genetic methods that add controlling sub-genes or phenotypes called strategies. These strategies are nothing more than an additional vector that controls or influences the mutation operator. This provides ES for more efficient solving of various complex problems including function approximation.

In this next notebook, we are going to explore a function approximation problem we will revisit when we look at evolution with deep learning. To keep things simple, we will look at approximating function parameters of a known continuous polynomial solution. Then we will move on to more complex discontinuous solutions and see how well ES performs.

ES differs from vanilla genetic algorithms in that an individual carries an additional gene sequence or vector called a strategy. Over the course of the evolution, this strategy vector learns to adjust and apply better more fine-tuned mutation to an individual evolution.

As we discovered previously in chapter 3, mutation and mutation rate are like the learning rate in deep learning. Mutation controls the variability of the population during evolution. The higher the mutation rate the more variable and diverse the population. The ability to control and learn this mutation rate over iterations allows for more efficient determination of solutions.

In this next notebook, we are going to set up an ES algorithm to approximate to known solutions. We will see how learning to optimize the mutation over time allows a population to better converge and approximate solutions. Let’s start by opening notebook EDL_4_4_ES.ipynb in Google Colab and running the whole notebook.

1. Evolutionary strategies is an extension to $\mathrm{GA}$ and as such much of the code we need to use DEAP is like what we have seen before. We will look over the key differences focusing on how ES is implemented starting with the hyperparameter definitions. The IND_SIZE value controls the dimensionality of the solved polynomial function or effectively the gene size. The MAX_TIME hyperparameter is for controlling the total amount of time to run the evolution for. An effective way to control how long an evolution runs for instead of relying on number of generations. Lastly, the strategy allocation hyperparameterSMIN_VALUE, MAX_VALUE, MIN_STRATEGY and MAX_STRATEGY control the mutation vector and will be examined further below.

## 计算机代写|深度学习代写deep learning代考|Differential Evolution with DEAP

Deep learning systems are often described as a simply good function or convex approximators. By no means is function approximation limited to deep learning, but it currently ranks as top favorite for most solutions.

Fortunately, EC encompasses several methods not limited to continuous solutions but instead can solve discontinuous solutions as well. One such method focused on function approximation for continuous and discontinuous solutions is Differential Evolution. DE is not calculus based but instead relies on reducing the difference in optimized solutions.

In our next notebook we are going to employ DE to approximate a known continuous polynomial solution, from our last exercise, as well as basic examples of discontinuous and complex functions. This will give us another tool in our EC toolbelt when we look at building combined solutions with DL later.

Differential Evolution has more in common with particle swarm optimization than genetic algorithms or programming. In DE we maintain a population of agents each of some equal vector size. Like PSO agents are long-running and don’t produce offspring but their component vector is modified using difference comparisons from other random agents to produce new and better agents.

Figure $4.11$ shows the basic workflow for DE. At the start of this figure, 3 agents are randomly selected from a pool of agents. These 3 agents are then used to modify a target $\mathbf{Y}$ for each index value in the agent by taking the first agent $\mathbf{a}$ and adding its value to a scaled difference between agents $\mathbf{b}$ and $\mathbf{c}$. The resulting $\mathbf{Y}$ agent is evaluated for fitness and if that value is better then that agent is replaced with the new agent $\mathbf{Y}$.

functions which often need to blend results as in deep learning or generalize results like genetic evolution, DE does a component-wise differentiation.

In deep learning the gradient optimization method, we use to backpropagate errors or differences during training is a global optimization problem. DE extracts the optimization into component wise differentiation of values and is therefore not limited by global methods. This means DE can be used to approximate discontinuous or difficult functions as we will see.
For the next scenario, open notebook EDL_4_5_DE.ipynb in Colab and run all the cells. This example works on the same problem set from the last exercise. As such, we have 3 problems we can run this sample against, a polynomial, the absolute, and step functions. For comparison, we will begin by running the example of the same polynomial function approximation problem we just looked at.

## 计算机代写|深度学习代写deep learning代考|Evolutionary Strategies with DEAP

ES 与普通遗传算法的不同之处在于，个体携带一个额外的基因序列或向量，称为策略。在进化过程中，这个策略向量学会调整和应用更好更微调的突变到个体进化。

1. 进化策略是对G一种因此，我们需要使用 DEAP 的大部分代码就像我们之前看到的一样。我们将从超参数定义开始，重点关注 ES 的实现方式。IND_SIZE 值控制求解的多项式函数的维数或有效地控制基因大小。MAX_TIME 超参数用于控制运行进化的总时间。一种控制进化运行多长时间而不依赖于世代数的有效方法。最后，策略分配超参数 SMIN_VALUE、MAX_VALUE、MIN_STRATEGY 和 MAX_STRATEGY 控制变异向量，将在下面进一步检查。

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## MATLAB代写

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